tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64823824121575836512024-03-12T21:48:56.046-07:00ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMARPart of speech, tenses in active and passive, sentences, clauses, reported speech, articles, capitalization, punctuations, and so on..Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.comBlogger115125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-26559971957401782072009-10-19T04:09:00.000-07:002009-10-19T04:10:44.750-07:00CAPITALIZATION<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CYONGHO%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CYONGHO%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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{margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:"Table Grid"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the first word in any sentence, the personal pronoun <b style="">I</b>, and the first word of a direct quotation if it is a complete statement.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Night falls quickly in the mountains.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The door was open when <b style="">I</b> arrived home.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- He looked at the cake and said, “<b style="">D</b>iets, like pie crust, are made to be broken.” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) PROPER NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize all proper nouns and adjectives such as the names of person, business firms, business products, institutions, government bodies and agencies, and public and private organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Personal names:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Barbara Walters.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Business firm:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Wal-Mart, Mrs. Field’s Cookies. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Business products:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Nissan Sentra, Wisk, Dr. Pepper.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Institutions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Adler Planetarium, Stanford University.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Government bodies and agencies:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Internal Revenue Service, Civil Rights Commission, Justice Department.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Public organizations:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Junior Chamber of Commerce, Girl Scouts.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Private organizations:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Midwest Authors Guild, JoAnn Kilmer Foundation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) HYPHENATED NAMES AND PREFIXES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize all hyphenated names and hyphenated proper nouns. Also capitalize all proper nouns and adjectives used with a prefix, but do not capitalize prefix.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Send the bill to Mrs. <b style="">Austin-Healy</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The <b style="">Minneapolis-St. Paul</b> project has been approved.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I am neither <b style="">anti-British </b>or <b style="">pro-French</b>; I happen to enjoy both countries equally well.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- He will always be a <b style="">pro-Kennedy</b> person.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize words describing family relationships only when they substitute for a proper noun or are used with the person’s name. Do not capitalize the words if they are used with a possessive pronoun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I told <b style="">Mother</b> that <b style="">my sister </b>would be late.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- She described <b style="">her father</b> to me perfectly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Granny Winters </b>and <b style="">Grampa McDonough</b> are always ready to dance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We got a letter from <b style="">Aunt Helen </b>and <b style="">Uncle Bill</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Do you know <b style="">her cousin Lucia</b>?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) NATIONALITIES AND RACES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of nationalities. Racial groups may be lowercased or capitalized. The only firm rule is be consistent. If you capitalize one racial group, capitalize the others as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nationalities:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Australian, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Cambodian, Japanese, Korean, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Racial groups:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Black or black, White or white, Yellow or yellow, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) LANGUAGES AND SCHOOL SUBJECTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize languages and those school subjects followed by a number. Do not capitalize general school subjects unless the subject is a language.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Languages: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Arabic, English, Korean, Polish, Khmer, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">School subjects:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Biology, French, history, literature, Social Science, statistics, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">6) RELIGIOUS NAMES AND TERMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Religions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Shintoism, Taoism, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Denominations and movements:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Jehovah’s Witnesses, Methodism, Mormonism, Sufism, Theosophy, Zen Buddhism, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Local groups:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Church of the Redeemer, Midwest Baptist, Conference, Saint Leonard’s House, Temple Shalom, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The names of deities and revered person: the Almighty, Allah, Lamb of God, Pan, Kali, Child of God, Jehovah, Holy Ghost, Shiva, Egun-gun, The Word, Logos, Mother of God, Kwan Yin, Astarte, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> However, pronouns referring to deities are not capitalized in today’s style.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of sacred words or highly revered works and their individual parts.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> the Bible, the Talmud, Genesis, Apostles’Creed, the Decalogue, the Koran, the Vedas, the Beatitudes, Epistles, Book of Job, the Book of the Dead, the Tripitaka, the Diamond Sutra, Sermon on the Mount, Acts of the Apostles, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize religious holidays and terms relating to the Eucharistic sacrament.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ascension of the Virgin, Christmas, Easter, High Mass, Holy Communion, Lent, Passover, Ramadan, Yom Kippur, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Names of other rites and services are not capitalized in a text.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> baptism, bar (bas) mitzvah, confession, confirmation, evening prayer, matins, seder, vesper service, worship service, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">7) ACADEMIC DEGREES AND PERSONAL TITLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize academic degrees and personal titles used as part of people’s names or as a substitute for their names. Titles used after a person’s name or by themselves generally are not capitalized. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>The exception to the rule occurs when the title refers to the highest national, state, or church office, such as the President of the United States. In such cases, the title may be capitalized. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Marjorie Adamowski<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bernard Stone, Ph. D<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Resident Don Roth<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Director Ellen Tate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vice-President Quayle<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cardinal Cody<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pope John Paul II<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Revernd Alice Milano<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">General George Custer<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Admiral Chester Nimitz<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Queen Elizabeth<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Count von Moltke<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Professor Louise Sasaki<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Perry Whitehall, M.B.A<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Don Roth, president<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ellen Tate, director<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Vice-President (of U.S.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Cardinal <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Pope<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the reverend<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the general <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the admiral <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Queen <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the count<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">8) HISTORIC EVENBTS, SPECIAL EVENTS, AND HOLIDAYS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of historic events and periods, special events, holidays, and other publicly recognized special days.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Midway<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Black History Month<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Columbus Day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Elizabethan Age<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Han Dynasty<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hundred Year War<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Labor Day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Live AID Africa<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Midwest Book Fair<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mother’s Day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">National Pickle Week<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New Year’s Day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nicene Council<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">President’s Day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Thanksgiving<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Word War II<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">9) HISTORICAL MONUMENTS, PLACES, AND BUILDINGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of all historical monuments, places, and buildings.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" width="210" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Arlington National Cemetery<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Chicago Loop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Latin Quarter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" width="180" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Prudential Building<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Times Square<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Washington Monument<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">10) CALENDA DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of all days of the week, and months of the year. Seasons of the year are lowercase unless they are personified.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Months of the year: January, February, March, April, May, June…<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Seasons of the year: summer, winter, fall, spring.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Exception: Have we not seen, Summer, your jeweled nights, your days young and fair?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">11) DOCUMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the first word and all other words except articles (a, an, the) and prepositions under five letters (in, to, out) in charters, treaties, declarations, laws, and other official documents. However, when the words charter, act, treaty, and law are used alone, they generally are not capitalized.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" width="204" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Articles of Incorporation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Declaration of Independence<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Magna Carta<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" width="186" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Treaty of Orleans<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Uniform Commercial Code<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Wagner Act<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">12) TITLES OF PUBLICATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the first word and all other words except articles, prepositions under five letters in the titles of books, chapters, magazines, articles, newspapers, musical compositions, and other publications.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Girl of the Golden West (opera)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- No Name in the Streets (book)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “The Midwest’s Blue-collar Blues” (article)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Do Your Own Tune-ups” (chapter)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Kansas City Star (newspaper)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">13) COMPASS POINT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Points of the compass are not capitalized when they refer simply to direction of are used as adjectives. They are capitalized when they refer to regions of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Direction or adjectives: east, west, north, south, southwest, northwest, eastern, western.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Regions of the country: the South, the East, the Southwest, the Northeast, the North Central states.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">14) GEOGRAPHIC NAMES AND REGIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize all geographic names and regions of a country, continent, or hemisphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Cities, Townships, Countries, States, Continents:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> California, New York, South America, India, Miles Township, Western Hemisphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Islands, Peninsulas, Straits, Peaches:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Baja Peninsula, Strait of Magellan, Myrtle Beach, Canary Islands, Strait of Malacca, Seal Island.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bodies of Water: Aegean Sea, Nile River, Victoria Falls, Lake Tahoe, Tinker Creek, Walden Pond.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Mountains and Mountain Chains:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> the Andes, Kilimanjaro, Mount Fuji, Cascade Mountains, Mount Everest, Pike’s Peak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Parks, Forests, Canyons, Dams: Aswan Dam, Humboldt Redwoods Forest, Bright Angel Canyon, Serengeti National Preserve, Hoover Dam, Yosemite National Park.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">15) SCIENTIFIC TERMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The rules for capitalizing scientific terms, particularly the divisions of plants and animals, can be complex and bewildering. This section presents some general rules for capitalizing the more common terms that are likely to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">a. Common Names of Plants and Animals<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Usually, lowercase the names of plants and animals, capitalizing only proper nouns and adjectives used with the names. Check with a dictionary to be sure of accuracy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">black-eyed Susan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cooper’s hawk<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">border collie<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">golden retriever<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">jack-in-the pulpit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">mustang<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Persian cat<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">rhesus monkey<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rhode Island red<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rocky Mountain sheep<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">rose of Sharon<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Thomson’s gazelle<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">thoroughbred<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">white leghorn fowl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">b. Geological Terms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize the names of eras, periods, epochs, and episodes but not the words era, period, and so on used with the term.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ice Age (reference to Pleistocene glacial epoch)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lower Jurassic period<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Paleozoic era<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pliocene epoch<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Precambrian period<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">c. Astronomical Terms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize all proper names of asteroids, planets and their satellites, constellations, and other astronomical phenomena. In many cases, earth, sun, and moon are lowercased unless used with other planets in a sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Alpha Centuri<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Andromeda Galaxy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Arcturus<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Big Dipper<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cassiopeia<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Crab nebula<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Demos<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Halley’s Comet<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the Leonids<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mercury<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Milky Way<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">North Star<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Orion<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pleiades<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saturn<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Descriptive terms that apply to unique astronomical or meteorological phenomena are not capitalized.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">aspirin<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">blizzard<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">hurricane<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the rings of Jupiter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">meteor shower<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">sun dogs<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tornado<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the moons of Uranus<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">d. Medical Terms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lowercase the names of diseases, syndromes, symptoms, tests, drugs, and the like. Capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives or trade names used with these terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">aspirin<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">finger-nose test<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Guillain-Barré syndrome<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">infectious granuloma<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Metymid<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Parkinson’s disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">poliomyelitis<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Salk vaccine<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tetracycline<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tylenol<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">e. Physical and Chemical Terms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lowercase laws, theorems, principles, and the like, capitalizing only proper nouns and adjectives used with these terms. Chemical symbols are also capitalized and set without periods.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Boyle’s law<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C<sup>14</sup> or C-14<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">carbon 14<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">general theory of relativity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lorenz transformations<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Maxwell’s equations <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Newton’s second law<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Planck’s constant<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">sulfuric acid<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">U<sup>238</sup> or U-238<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">uranium 238<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">16) CAPITALS WITH NUMBERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Capitalize a noun or abbreviation before a number when it designates a formal part of a written work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="390" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Act V, Scene 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Book IV<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chapter 14 or Chap. 14<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192" valign="top"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Paragraph 3 or Para. 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Section 44 or Sec. 44<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Unit 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-49926002586627401742009-09-16T07:41:00.000-07:002009-09-20T04:22:57.942-07:00ITALICS<span style="font-size:12;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:12;">Italics are used to indicate emphasis, to mark foreign terms and expressions not commonly used, and to highlight titles of publications and names of certain vehicles such as ships, spacecraft, and the like. Use the underscore for any item that would be italicized in print.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:red;" >1) EMPHASIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">Occasionally, italics are used to stress certain words or phrases. This usage is more common in dialogue than in formal writing and should be kept to a minimum. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:fuchsia;" >Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- “I didn’t <b style=""><i style="">blue</i></b> paint; I wanted <b style=""><i style="">lavender</i></b> paint!”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- “Mr. Lloyd, you told the prosecutor that you didn’t meet Mrs. Young <b style=""><i style="">until last month,</i></b> is that right?”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- On the basis of the field inspector’s report, I recommend that <b style=""><i style="">we shut down off shore drilling platform #45.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:red;" >2) FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">Foreign words and phrases that are not part of common usage are italicized.<o:p></o:p></span></p><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:fuchsia;" >Example:</span></b><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The motto of the Coast Guard is <b style=""><i style="">simper paratus</i></b>—always prepared.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- As they say, <b style=""><i style="">Ende gut, alles gut</i></b>: all’s well that ends well.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:red;" >NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size:12;"> However, many foreign words have been in common use long enough that they are no longer italicized.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:fuchsia;" >Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- His clothes are very <b style="">avant-garde.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- At one time the motto <b style="">caveat emptor</b>—let the buyer beware—was the rule in business. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- Her hat is <b style="">chic,</b> her shoes <b style="">passé.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The military <b style="">junta</b> declared a 7:00 P.M. curfew.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:red;" >3) TITLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">The titles of plays, books, magazines, newspapers, movies, and other types of periodicals and publications are italicized when they appear in print. If the first word of a title is <b style="">a, an, </b>or <b style="">the,</b> it is italicized only if it is part of the actual name. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:fuchsia;" >Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">The Wall Street Journal </i></b>(newspaper)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The <b style=""><i style="">Los Angeles Times</i></b> (newspaper)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">Chorus Line</i></b> (play)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">The Insider </i></b>(corporate publication)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">Editorial Eye</i></b> (newsletter)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">Esquire </i></b>(magazine)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">The Color Purple</i></b> (movie)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">Redbook</i></b><i style=""> </i>(magazine)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- <b style=""><i style="">The Yearling</i></b> (book)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:red;" >4) VEHICLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">Use italics for the names of ships, spacecraft, airplanes, and other well-known vehicles.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-size:12;color:fuchsia;" >Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The battleship <b style=""><i style="">Excalibur.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The spaceship <b style=""><i style="">Enterprise.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The <b style=""><i style="">titanic.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;">- The president’s jet <b style=""><i style="">Air Force One.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size:12;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-38563072353268277252009-09-16T07:40:00.001-07:002009-09-16T07:40:58.951-07:00ELLIPSES ( … )<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ellipses point (…) indicate that material has been omitted from a quotation or quoted material. <o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Original:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> This book describes the author’s visit to Nepal and renders scenes of the rugged, mountainous countryside that will remain in the reader’s mind forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Condensed:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> This book…renders scenes…that will remain in the reader’s mind forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> When words are omitted at the end of a sentence, use an end mark plus the ellipses.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> This book…renders scenes of the rugged, mountainous countryside…<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-14167504493288763972009-09-16T07:39:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:40:11.691-07:00BRACKETS [ ]<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use brackets to enclose additions to quoted material. These additions, made by editors or writers, usually clarify or comment on the material.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Mark Twain said it [the river] taught him all he ever knew about life.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Virginia Woolf lived with him [Lytton Strachey] while recovering from her illness.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “There were few Esquimouxs [sic] living in the region we explored.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Brackets are also used to enclose material that falls within material already enclosed by parentheses.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The fall sales records are encouraging (see page 33, Monthly Sales [Table 2.1] for a detailed breakdown by product line).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-45921359488646920732009-09-16T07:38:00.002-07:002009-09-16T07:39:25.961-07:00PARENTHESES ( )<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Parentheses ( ) enclose material that is an interruption of the text but adds information.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The park (in Washington) is always crowded in summer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I know the answer (I think) to the question.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> If the material enclosed falls at the end of a sentence, the end mark is placed outside the closing parenthesis. If the material is a complete sentence within itself, the end mark is placed inside the parenthesis.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We provide a complete list of stores (see the Appendix).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We provide a complete list of stores. (See the Appendix.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-6585028077961029752009-09-16T07:38:00.001-07:002009-09-16T07:38:24.926-07:00DASHES ( — )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A dash indicates a break in thought or the addition of information within a sentence or at its end. A dash is typed using two hyphens. There is no space before or after the punctuation mark.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The woman came running around the corner—I couldn’t see her face—and disappeared down the alley.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- This building—and every building on the street—is overdue for repairs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Paul White—you know the man I mean—told me the ballgame would be canceled tomorrow.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A dash can be used to mean <b style="">namely, that is, </b>or <b style="">in other words</b> to introduce additional information or an explanation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I thought about taking another route—the one through West Virginia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- There’s only one way to ride that horse—take out a lot of accident insurance.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-66271585371712635382009-09-16T07:37:00.001-07:002009-09-16T07:37:47.351-07:00HYPHENS ( - )<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hyphens are used to join two or more words that are used as a single unit, to link two last names, to join continuous numbers, to connect some prefixes and suffixes with their nouns, to divide words at the end of a line, and to avoid confusing or awkward word constructions.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) COMPOUND NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>Hyphens are used with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-one and with fractions used as adjectives. However, when fractions serve as nouns, no hyphen is used.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Twenty-one</b> red roses.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Sixty-five </b>and over.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A <b style="">two-thirds</b> majority.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A glass <b style="">three-fifths</b> full.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- But: two tenths of a percent (Two tenths is used as a noun.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) COMPOUND NUMBERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hyphens are used to link dates of birth and death, pages of material, scores of games, and other instances in which the relationship between the numbers needs to be shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- T. E. Lawrence, “Lawrence of Arabia,” (<b style="">1888-1935</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Read pages <b style="">15-32</b> in your statistics book.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The Bears beat the Rams <b style="">21-0</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- All children ages <b style="">8-12</b> are eligible for camp.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Prefixes <b style="">ex-, self-, all-, </b>and the suffixes <b style="">–elect, </b>always take a hyphen whether they are used as modifiers or as nouns. Hyphens also are used with all prefixes before proper nouns and adjectives.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Self-esteem.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Ex-director.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Secretary-elect.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- All-encompassing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- All-Canadian team.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Pro-French.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) COMPOUND ADJECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When compound adjectives are used before the noun, they are hyphenated. When they follow the noun, no hyphen is used. If one of the modifiers is an adverb ending in <b style="">–ly</b>, do not use a hyphen in the compound adjective.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A <b style="">decision-making</b> process/ a process for <b style="">decision making</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A <b style="">well-run</b> program/ a program that is <b style="">well run</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A<b style=""> city-owned</b> business/ a business that is <b style="">city owned</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Publicly owned</b> parks/ parks that are <b style="">publicly owned</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) WORD DIVISION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hyphens are used to divide words at the end of a line as a reminder that the rest of the word is to follow. Words cannot be divided arbitrarily but only between syllables. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We were almost in Niles <b style="">Town-</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">s<b style="">hip</b> when our car broke down.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Sam didn’t really want to <b style="">con-<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tinue</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> the trip, but I did.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">6) HYPHENATED NAMES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hyphens are used to join two last names.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Karen <b style="">Norridge-Adams</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The <b style="">Henderson-Smythes</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mr. Michael <b style="">Harrington-Kelly</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mr. and Mrs. <b style="">Barry-Schroeder</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">7) TO AVOID CONFUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use hyphens to prevent confusion or awkwardness in sentences. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Re-creation</b> (prevents confusion with recreation)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Re-emphasize</b> (avoid awkwardness of reemphasize)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Sub-subentry</b> (avoids confusion of subsubentry)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-85573547450580069312009-09-16T07:36:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:37:04.741-07:00APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The apostrophe is used to show possession and to form the plural of many nouns and symbols. (Possessive nou s and pronouns are also covered in Parts of Speech under Nouns and Pronouns.)<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) POSSESSIVE OF SINGULAR NOUNS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The possessive of a singular noun is formed by adding ( ‘s ). Names that end in <b style="">a z</b> sound often take only the apostrophe to avoid the awkwardness of too many <b style="">s</b> sounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The mechanic’s wrench.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The tree’s leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Moses’s tablets.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mrs. Gonzales’ maid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Gloria’s briefcase.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mr. Jones’ house.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Gus’s workbench.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Ned Stanis’s boots.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) POSSESSIVE OF PLURAL NOUNS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The plural possessive of nouns ending in (s) is formed by adding only the apostrophe. All other plural nouns take ( ‘s ).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The Harlands’ trip.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Children’s shoes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The teams’ scores.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The trees’ leaves.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Men’s sports wear.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Women’s networks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) INDEFINITE AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Indefinite pronouns (everyone, no one, anybody, everybody, someone, somebody, one) require an apostrophe to form the possessive. However, personal possessive pronouns (his, her, theirs, your/yours, my/mine, our/ours) do not use an apostrophe.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Is this someone’s book?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I’ll take anyone’s ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Yes, the book is hers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Your ideas are great.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) INDIVIDUAL AND JOINT POSSESSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When hyphenated words or names of organizations, companies, or individuals are used to show joint possession, only the last word takes ( ‘s ) or an apostrophe. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>In cases of individual possession, both nouns or pronouns take ( ‘s ) or the apostrophe only.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Joint possession:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Lin and Chan’s </b>bicycles. (The bicycle is owned by both Lin and Chan.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">The vice-presidents’ </b>office. (The office is used by more than one vice president.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">IBM and Xerox’s </b>new venture. (The two companies are working together on one venture.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Individual possession:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Lin’s </b>and <b style="">Chan’s </b>bicycles. (Notice the plural noun after the names—a clue that each person owns a bicycle.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Her <b style="">father-in-law’s </b>and <b style="">brother’s </b>golf scores.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- <b style="">Texaco’s </b>and <b style="">Esso’s </b>annual reports.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) UNITS OF MEASURE AS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Units of measure such as <b style="">day, week, yard, cent, </b>and <b style="">hour</b> take an ( ‘s ) or an apostrophe when used as possessive adjectives.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A moment’s peace.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A month’s pay.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- A dollar’s worth.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Ten minutes’ work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Three weeks’ pay.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Two cents’ worth.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">6) PLURAL FORMS OF SYMBOLS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The apostrophe or ( ‘s ) is used to form the plural of letters, numbers, signs, symbols, and words referred to as words.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- All the <b style="">R’s </b>in this article were printed backwards.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mark these items with <b style="">X’s </b>and those with <b style="">Z’s</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Your <b style="">3’s</b> look like <b style="">8’s</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- How many <b style="">and’s </b>can you put in one sentence?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- My typewriter smudged all the <b style="">&’s </b>in my letter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-21698814609384821762009-09-16T07:35:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:36:19.196-07:00QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”)<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Quotation marks enclose a direct quotation, that is, the repetition of someone’s exact words.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Keep your head down and charge!” the coach said.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Her exact words were “Bake the bread at 350 degrees.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Indirect questions do not take quotation marks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The coach said to keep your head down and charge.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- She told us to bake the bread at 350 degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) PUNCTATION WITH QUOTATION MARKS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a) Commas and periods are always placed inside the closing quote marks even if the quoted material is contained within the sentence. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- She thinks we’re “off the wall,” but I think our idea will work.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We’ve heard him say a thousand times, “Waste not, want not.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Tell me something I’ll remember forever,” she said.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- You’ve read the poem “Ash Wednesday,” haven’t you?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">b) Semicolons and colons are always placed outside the quotation marks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Look up the title under “Animated Cartoons”<b style="">;</b> copy the cartoon features listed there.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The following animals are considered “marsupials”<b style="">: </b>kangaroo, wombat, and koala.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">c) Question marks and exclamation points are placed inside the final quotation mark if they are part of the quoted material. Otherwise they are placed outside the quotation marks. Only one end mark is used at the end of a sentence containing quoted material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Have you read the report “Single-Parent Families”<b style="">?</b> (The entire sentence is the question; the end mark comes after the final quotation mark.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- He sent Josh the article “Why Can’t Ivan Compute<b style="">?</b>” (The title is a question and the end mark comes before the final quotation marks.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Dinner is hot and ready to eat<b style="">!</b>” he called.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I can’t believe they want us to increase sales “by twenty percent”<b style="">!</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) BRIEF AND LONG QUOTATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a) Quotation material that is only two or three lines long is enclosed in quotation marks and included as part of the regular text.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The movie critic was blunt about her reactions to the film. She stated that it <b style="">“has the intelligence of a jellyfish and as much reality as Max Klinger’s insanity pleas.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">b) Linger quotations have no quote marks and are set off from the rest of the text by being indented and single spaced.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The movie critic was blunt about her reactions to the film. <b style="">This movie should suffer an early and merciful death. It has the intelligence of a jellyfish and as much reality as Max Klinger’s insanity pleas. I don’t know what the director intended for this film; but unless it was to bore us to death, he has certainly failed.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Single quotation marks are used to set off a quote within a quote. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Carla said, “Every time I hear ‘Amazing Grace’ I want to cry.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “When I asked him what he wanted, he replied, ‘Safe passage to Cairo.’”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) TITLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Quotation marks are used to enclose the titles of articles, chapters of books, poems, reports, many government publications, short stories, individual songs, workshop or conference titles, and titles of proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “The Red Badge of Courage” is required reading in most college literature programs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Born in the USA” made Bruce Springsteen as well known as Tina Turner.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Read the chapter “How Diet Affects Immune Functions” before you change your eating habits too radically.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The report “Equality in the Workplace: A Ten-year Study” shows how much work still needs to be done.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Louise Glück’s poem “The Triumph of Achilles” appears in her latest collection.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The IEEE international conference focused on the theme “Ultrasonic Research: Practical Applications.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Throughout the weekend, we will offer two workshops titled “Living with Stress” and “Getting Control of Your Finance.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use quotation marks to enclose terms and expressions that are considered odd or unusual (slang terms in a formal report) or that are likely to be unknown to the reader (jargon, technical terms).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The President told reporters he regarded his opponents as “flaky.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Not many people know the functions of “T cells” or “B cells” in the immune system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Scott said he was as full as “a bug-eyed tick.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The term “downloaded” should be defined in your book.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-3509536964464694542009-09-16T07:34:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:35:18.932-07:00COLON ( : )<b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Colons represent a more complete break than semicolons but not as complete a stop as a period. Like the period, a colon is followed by two full spaces in typed or printed communication.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) BEFORE A SERIES OR LIST<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Colons are used to introduce a series or list only after a complete sentence. When the series immediately follows a verb or preposition, do not use a colon.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect: Our five travel choices are<b style="">:</b> the Bahamas, Hawaii, Mexico City, Acapulco, and Peoria.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct: We have five travel choices<b style="">:</b> the Bahamas, Hawaii, Mexico City, Acapulco, and Peoria.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect: They were interested in<b style="">:</b> one brass bed, two lace pillows, one afghan comforter, and a chamber pot.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct: They were interested in the following items<b style="">:</b> one brass bed, two lace pillows, one afghan comforter, and a chamber pot.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) BETWEEN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use a colon to introduce a question or related statement following an independent clause. The second independent clause may or may not begin with a capital letter. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- She had only one thought<b style="">:</b> What was she going to do now?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I know the answer<b style="">:</b> reverse the two equations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) TIME<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Colons are used to express time in figures. Do not use the words o’clock after the figures. However, expressions such as noon, in the afternoon, A.M., P.M., and midnight can be used.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- 10<b style="">: </b>30 a.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- 5<b style="">:</b> 35 p.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- 12<b style="">:</b> 00 midnight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- 8<b style="">:</b> 30 in the morning<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) FORMAL AND BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Colons follow the salutation in a formal or business letter, report, memo, or other type of business communication.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Dear Mr. David<b style="">:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Dear Buyer<b style="">:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Dear President West<b style="">:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- To the Research Staff<b style="">:<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- To All Managers<b style="">:</b>’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Attention Union Members<b style="">:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-69507249647675415572009-09-16T07:33:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:34:32.091-07:00SEMICOLON ( ; )<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A semicolon represents a stronger break than a comma but not as complete a stop as a period or colon. Semicolons are used to separate independent clauses in s variety of special circumstances. They also serve to group items in a series when the items contain internal punctuation.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) INDEPENDENT CLAUSES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses that are similar in thought but are not joined by a coordinating conjunction and, but, or, nor, for, or, yet.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The house stood empty for years<b style="">;</b> no one would buy it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The river raged through the gorge<b style="">;</b> her small tent was swept away in its path.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) JOINED BY LINKING ADVERB<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When two independent clauses are joined by a linking adverb such as accordingly, however, therefore, or thus, use a semicolon at the end of the first clause. The linking adverb is usually followed by a comma or set off by commas if it falls within the second clause.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The turtle survived its two-story fall<b style="">;</b> however, we can get back to business on Monday.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Margaret told me not to stay in a motel<b style="">;</b> she suggested, instead, that I stay at her house.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) CLAUSES WITH INTERNAL PUNCTUATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A semicolon is used to separate two independent clauses if one or both of the clauses contain internal punctuation. The clauses may or may not be joined by conjunctions or linking adverbs. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I own a quarter horse, a saddle horse, and a burro<b style="">;</b> they stay on the lower range in winter.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Walter, the one with the allergies, read his story in class<b style="">;</b> and everyone thought it was excellent.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The dark, dusty street looked deserted<b style="">;</b> but I could hear someone walking slowly behind me.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) SERIES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use semicolons to separate items in a series if the items contain internal punctuation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The speakers included Jeff Hines, vice president<b style="">;</b> Alberta Corazon, director of finances<b style="">; </b>Edward Singh, human resources<b style="">; </b>and Nancy Meripol, assistant to the president. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We ordered five cartons of micro-perf paper<b style="">; </b>six lined, medium-sized stationery pads<b style="">;</b> and nine boxes of assorted pens, pencils, and markers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-58773292115518788812009-09-16T07:32:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:33:47.414-07:00COMMA ( , )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The comma is the most commonly used and abused punctuation mark. People often insert commas between subject and verb or when they reach the end of a thought, without regard for the rules of comma usage.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>Commas are used to separate words or groups of words in a list or parallel construction; to set off introductory elements, interruptions, and words moved from their usual position; and to coordinate such grammatical structures as compound predicates, coordinate adjectives, and descriptive appositives and modifiers. On the hand, some comma uses have little to do with the meaning of a sentence and are inserted to prevent misreading or to create emphasis. In a few cases, they simply represent traditional ways of punctuating various grammatical elements.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>This section discusses some of the more common uses and abuses of this often troublesome punctuation mark. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) SERIES COMMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Commas separate items in a series. The items can be single words, phrases, or clauses. Although current practice allows the final comma to be dropped before the final conjunction (or, but, nor, and…), including the comma can avoid possible confusion for the reader.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We brought sandwiches, wine, cold soup, and chocolate cake on the picnic.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The conductor set up his stand, took out the score, and lifted his baton. (verb phrases)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- She is vice president of operations, sales and resources and personnel. (Are the final categories sales and resources, and personnel or are they sales, and resources and personnel? A final comma would make the categories clear.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When two independent clauses are joined by and, but, or, nor, or for, use a comma before the conjunction. However, no comma is needed if the clauses are very short.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Her performance was brilliant, and the judges awarded her four perfect tens.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Yolanda knew we’d be late, but she left anyway.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- He can play the guitar, or he can do his magic show.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Stir the batter and add the eggs slowly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- They came early and they left late.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A comma is not used when and, but, for, or, or nor joins two verb s that share the same subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Carlton Fisk pitches with the best of them and bats better than most outfielders.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Shelly hasn’t driven in the city nor ridden on the subway.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES, PHRASES, EXPRESSIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Use a comma after introductory phrases or clauses unless they are very short. When expressions such as no, yes, in addition, well, and thus begin a sentence, they are followed by a comma.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- When Ansel Adams took a photograph, he knew exactly what would appear in the picture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Speaking of food, isn’t anybody hungry?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- In summer we always move to the country. (Short phrase “in summer” does not require a comma.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Well, losing one game doesn’t ruin an entire season.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Thus, I feel your qualifications make you perfectly suited for this job.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">4) NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES AND NOESSENTIAL MATERIAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Comma set off nonrestrictive clauses and expressions that interrupt the sentence or that add incidental information or description.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The rodeo, held in August, always drew a large tourist crowd. (Held in August is a nonrestrictive clause.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We wanted to finish, of course, before night fell.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- The new officer, I’ sure you remember him, stopped by the house yesterday and left your orders.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) DIRECT ADDRESS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Words used in direct address are set off by commas regardless of their position in the sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Greg, can you lift this chair?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- They heard about the trouble, Jean, and wanted to help.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Please sign this receipt, Ms. Liang.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">6) COMMA AND CLARITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">At times commas are used to avoid confusing the reader when a sentence can be read in more than one way.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- In autumn nights grow steadily longer. (On first reading, autumn and nights appear to go together. It’s evident from the rest of the sentence, however, that they are separate. A comma after autumn would make the meaning clear.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- In autumn, nights grow steadily longer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">7) TRADIGTIONAL COMMMA USES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Commas are used in certain conventional situations including dates, addresses, the salutations and closings of informal letters, and certain forms of proper names or names followed by a title.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We were married June 22, 2009, in Los Angeles. (When only the day and month are used, no commas are necessary: We were married on June 22 in Los Angeles.) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Send $5.00 and a self-addressed, stamped envelope to Harvard House, Suite 2920, 467 West Rhine Street, Portland, Oregon. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Dear Harriet, Sincerely yours, Truly yours, Samuel Stanislaw, Jr. (But Samuel Stanislaw II)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Judith Gallagher, Ph.D. Linda Marks, director.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">8) COMMA FAULTS</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Many people use commas incorrectly. The following guidelines point out common errors in style.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">a) Never use commas to separate two phrases or subordinate clauses joined by a conjunction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Dealing with the lead singer in the band, has been an ordeal. (The noun phrase Dealing with the lead singer in the band is the subject and should not be separated from the verb has been.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Dealing with the lead singer in the band has been an ordeal.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">b) Never use commas to separate two phrases or subordinate clauses joined by a conjunction.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The waiter suggested that we order a white wine, and that we try the Cajun appetizers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The waiter suggested that we order a white wine and that we try the Cajun appetizers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Howard painted the steps, but not the porch. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Howard painted the steps but not the porch. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> After the treaty was signed, both sides pulled back their troops, and reduced their armored divisions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> After the treaty was signed, both sides pulled back their troops and reduced their armored divisions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">c) In a series, never use a comma to separate a modifier from the word it modifies.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> They drove through a damp, cold, eerie, fog.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> They drove through a damp, cold, eerie fog.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Incorrect:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> That is a ridiculous, immature, wicked, suggestion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Correct:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> That is a ridiculous, immature, wicked suggestion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-3743641935986507972009-09-16T07:31:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:32:06.600-07:00EXCLAMATION POINT ( ! )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Exclamation points add emphasis to sentences, phrases, or single words. They are like a red flag waved at the reader and as such should be used sparingly. Exclamation points are a familiar sight in advertising and promotional material.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Wait<u>!</u> Don’t touch that wire<u>!</u>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “I can’t believe she said that<u>!</u>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Don’t delay<u>!</u> Order your album now<u>!</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-83631761234430640842009-09-16T07:30:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:31:24.477-07:00QUESTION MARK ( ? )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A question mark is used at the end of a sentence that asks a direct question. It is not used at the end of a statement that contains an indirect question. In informal writing, question marks also can be used with single words.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Direct question:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Are you going to the fiesta tonight<u>?</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Indirect question:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> I asked them if they were going to the fiesta tonight<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Single words: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- What<u>?</u> I couldn’t hear you over the radio.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- So<u>?</u> It’s no trouble to make room for another quest.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) POLITE REQUESTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Many business letters contain requests for information, compliance, reply, or permission. These requests can be punctuated using wither a period or a question mark.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Period:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Would you please send me a brochure describing your company’s products<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Question mark:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Would you please send me a brochure describing your company’s products<u>?</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) SERIES OF QUESTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Question marks are used after each question in a sentence containing a series of questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> How much are you willing to gamble on your future<u>?</u> your family’s health<u>?</u> your career<u>?</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) QUOTATION MARKS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Question marks are placed inside quotation marks when the quoted material is a question. Otherwise, they are placed outside quotation marks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- “Are the stuntmen in place<u>?</u>” the director asked.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I just finished the short story “Where Are We Going<u>?</u>”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Have you read “Ballad of the Sad Café"<u>?</u> (The quoted material is not a question. The entire sentence is the question.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Did he say “no vacation” or “no early vacation”<u>?</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-85444828057625502402009-09-16T07:29:00.000-07:002009-09-16T07:30:32.691-07:00PERIOD ( . )<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The period is used at the end of a complete sentence, which can be a statement, command, or request. It is a visual marker to the reader that one complete thought has ended and that another may follow. In informal writing, periods can be used with single words.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Statement:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Your bicycle is on my foot<u>. </u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Request:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Please move your bicycle off my foot<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Command:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Get your bicycle off my foot<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Single words:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Thanks<u>.</u> That feels much better<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Periods are also used in many abbreviations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saint:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> St<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cash on delivery:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> C<u>.</u> O<u>.</u> D<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Avenue:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ave<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Organization:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Y<u>.</u> U<u>.</u> O<u>.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-15181377590462526462009-09-10T07:08:00.000-07:002009-09-10T07:09:17.130-07:00EXCEPTIONS OF CONDITIONAL<span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN">So far you have only learned the basic rules for Conditional Sentences. It depends on the context, however, which tense to use. So sometimes it's possible for example that in an “If Clause Type 1” another tense than <a href="http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-present"><span style="color: windowtext;">Simple Present</span></a> is used, e.g. <a href="http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive"><span style="color: windowtext;">Present Progressive</span></a> or <a href="http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple"><span style="color: windowtext;">Present Perfect</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; margin-top: 11.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; margin-top: 11.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;" lang="EN">Conditional Sentences Type 1 (likely)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Condition refers to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 117pt;" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">If Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 117pt;" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Main Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">future action</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Simple Present</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If the book is interesting, …</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Future I</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I will buy it.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">action going on now</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Present Progressive</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If he is snoring, …</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Future I</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I will wake him up.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">finished action</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Present Perfect</span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If he has moved into his new flat, …</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Future I</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…we will visit him.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">improbable action</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">should + Infinitive</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If she should win this race, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Future I</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I will congratulate her.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">present facts</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Simple Present</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If he gets what he wants, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Simple Present</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…he is very nice.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; margin-top: 11.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; margin-top: 11.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;" lang="EN">Conditional Sentences Type 2 (unlikely)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Condition refers to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">If Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Main Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">present / future event</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Simple Past</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If I had a lot of money, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Conditional 1</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I would travel around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">result <span style=""> </span>in the past</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Simple Past</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If I knew him, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Conditional 2</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I would have said hello.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; margin-top: 11.85pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;" lang="EN">Conditional Sentences Type 2 (impossible)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Condition refers to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">If Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 176, 240) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: white;">Main Clause<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">present</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Past Perfect</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If I had known it, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Conditional 1</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…I would not be here now.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">past</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Past Perfect</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" width="72"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">If he had learned for the test, …<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63pt;" width="84"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><span style="">Conditional 2</span></b><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="">…he would not have failed it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-44815420838037498202009-09-10T07:07:00.000-07:002009-09-10T07:08:03.972-07:00CONDITIONALS<b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) ZERO CONDITIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We zero conditional to express general truths and facts (often things based on scientific fact) and we use with the simple present tense.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">Formation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If + Present Tense,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Present Tense<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If you heat water to 100ºC,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">it boils.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Present Tense<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if + Present Tense<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Water boils<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if you heat it to 100ºC.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- If you drop an apple, it falls. = An apple falls if you drop it. (This is an absolute truth based on scientific fact - gravity). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- If you don't do your homework, I am disappointed. = I am disappointed if you don't do your homework. (This is a general truth based on previous knowledge - you know that I am disappointed if people don't do their homework). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Most zero conditional sentences mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if".<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) FIRST CONDITIONAL <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We use first conditional to express situations based on fact in the present or future (things which may happen) and we use with the simple future tense with “<i style="">will”</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">Formation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If + Present Tense,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Future <i style="">“will”<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If I go there,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I will see our teacher.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Future <i style="">“will”</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if + Present Tense<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I will see our teacher<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if I go there.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">NOTE: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We never use will or won't in the “if clause”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- We often use unless which means “if ... not”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- If I have time today, I will phone my friend. = I will phone my friend if I have time today. (It is possible that I will have time – therefore the condition is real). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- If I go to England, I will buy some Cheddar cheese. = I will buy some Cheddar cheese if I go to England. (It is possible that I will go to England - therefore the condition is real).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: red; font-style: normal;">3) SECOND CONDITIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <h2 style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">We use second conditional to express unreal situations in the present or future. It is often used to express a wish with the simple past tense and “</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal;">would</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <h2 style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: red; font-style: normal;">Formation<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If + Past Simple,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Past Future “would”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If I were you,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would marry her.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Past Future “would”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if + Past Simple<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would marry her<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if I were you.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style=""><span class="style11">NOTE: </span>We never use <i style="">would</i> or <i style="">wouldn't</i> in the “if clause”. </p> <p style=""><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="">- If I were you, I wouldn't do that. = I wouldn't do that if I were you. (I am not you - therefore the condition is unreal).</p> <p style="">- If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. = I would do more on my websites if I had more time. (I don't have more time - therefore the condition is unreal). </p> <p style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style=""><b style=""><span style="color: red;">4) THIRD CONDITIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="">We use third conditional to express conditions in the past that did not happen. It is often used to express criticism or regret with would have, could have or should have and we use third conditional with the past perfect tense.</p> <p><b style=""><span style="color: red;">Formation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If + Past Perfect,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Past Future Perfect<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If I had met her,<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would have told her about my heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If I had met her,<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I could have told her about my heart.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If I had met her,<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I should have told her about my heart.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Past Future Perfect<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if + Past Perfect<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would have told her about my heart<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if I had met her.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I could have told her about my heart<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if I had met her.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I should have told her about my heart<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">if I had met her.<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong><span class="style11"> </span>We never use <i style="">would have</i>, or <i style="">wouldn't have</i> etc in the “if clause”.</p> <p style=""><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="">- If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed. = You would have failed if I hadn't helped you. (I helped you so you didn't fail). <b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="">- If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. = We could have gone out if it had been sunny. (We didn't go out because it wasn't sunny). <b style=""><i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-40737949025814877862009-09-09T07:04:00.000-07:002009-09-09T07:06:01.861-07:00DEDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSE<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red; text-transform: uppercase;">1) Adverb Clause of Times<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.1pt;">Subject in the main clause and subject in the adverb clause must be the same.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""> </i></b>When <u>Anna</u> arrives at the airport, <u>she</u> feels happy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">a) Subject in adverb clause is moved to replace subject in main clause and subject in main clause is omitted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">b) Verb form is changed to ing-form (verb-ing)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -6.55pt;">c) We can omit subordinating conjunction but <i style="">since </i>or<i style=""> before</i>, we cannot omit.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- When Anna arrives at the airport, she feels happy. Or </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.1pt;">- Arriving at the airport, Anna feels happy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -1.1pt 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red; text-transform: uppercase;">2) Adverb Clause of Reason<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Subject in the main clause and subject in the adverb clause must be the same.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> Because <u>Nita</u> loves me, <u>she</u> agrees to devote her time to me.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">a) Subject in adverb clause is moved to replace subject in main clause and subject in main clause is omitted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">b) Verb form is changed to ing-form (verb-ing)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.1pt;">c) Subordinating conjunction is omitted.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Because Nita loves me, she agrees to devote her time to me. Or </p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Loving me, Nita agrees to devote her time to me.</p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-70864314595607948542009-09-09T07:02:00.000-07:002009-09-09T07:04:06.137-07:00ADVERB CLAUSE<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">An adverbial clause is dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator. It is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells when (time), where (place), why (reason), for what purpose, how, how long, and how far. It is also used to show contrast and concession.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red; text-transform: uppercase;">1) Punctuation Rules<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">An adverbial clause can come either <b style="">before</b> or <b style="">after</b> the independent clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">Formula:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">- <b style="">Adverbial clause + , + Independent clause</b> (a comma after adverbial clause)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style="">- Independent clause + Adverbial clause </b>(no comma after adverbial clause)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">- <b style="">As he didn’t understand,</b> he asked the teacher to explain.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">- He asked the teacher to explain <b style="">as he didn’t understand</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red; text-transform: uppercase;">2) Types of Adverbial Clauses<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">There are several different kinds of adverbial clauses; in addition, the subordinators can distinguish the different types of adverbial clauses.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">a) Adverb Clause of Time<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to tell the time that an action takes place.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">when, whenever, anytime, before, after, till, until, while, since, just as, as soon as, as often as, now that, as long as …<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- She ran away while I was sleeping.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- While I was sleeping, she ran away.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">b) Adverb Clause of Place<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of place to modify verb in main clause and to tell the place that an action takes place.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -6.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">where, as far as, as near as, wherever, anywhere…<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.1pt; text-align: justify;">- She is always drunk wherever I meet her.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.1pt; text-align: justify;">- Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">c) Adverb Clause of Manner<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of manner to modify verb in main clause and to tell how an action takes place.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">as if, as though, as<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The boy speaks as if he is sick.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- As if he is sick, the boy speaks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">d) Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of cause/reason to modify verb in main clause and to tell the cause that an action takes place.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">because, as, for, that<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I come here because I want to meet you.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- Because I want to meet you, I come here.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">e) Adverb Clause of Condition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of condition to modify verb in main clause and to tell the condition that an action takes place or someone does something.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">if, whether, if … not, unless, supposing that, provided that, in the condition that, as long as that<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I will commit suicide unless you love me.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- Unless you love me, I will commit suicide.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">f) Adverb Clause of Purpose<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that someone does something or something happens.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">so that, in order that,<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I tell him everyday in order that he can remember.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- In order that he can remember, I tell him everyday.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color: red; text-transform: uppercase;">Remember:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sometimes we can use “<i style="">so as to, in order to</i>” to stand instead of “<i style="">so that, in order that</i>”.</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sentence + <i style="">so that / in order that</i> + subject + verb + complement.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sentence + <i style="">so as to / in order to</i> + verb + complement.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I bring my dictionary with me <u>in order that I can check</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I bring my dictionary with me <u>in order to check</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">g) Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence</span></b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of result/consequence to modify verb in main clause and to tell the result that someone does something or something happens.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> “<i style="">that</i>” is used to recognize adverb clause of result</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb + comp<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- She is so hungry that she has lunch early.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- That she has lunch early, she is so hungry.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject + verb + such + noun(s) + that + subject + verb + complement</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">h) Adverb Clause of Concession/Contrast<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of concession/contrast to modify verb in main clause and it is introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions: </b><i style="">though, however, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact that, the fact that, despite that, whether or, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter what, whereas, while<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- I have never committed crime although I am poor.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- Although I am poor, I have never committed crime.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><o:p> </o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">i) Adverb Clause of Degree<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of degree to modify verb in main clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">according to as, according to how<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- She will be paid according to how she works.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- According to how she works, she will be paid.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">j) Adverb Clause of Means</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of means to modify verb in main clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions:</b> <i style="">by the fact that, by whatever means, by what means.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- You can recognize her easily by the fact that she speaks loudly.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- By the fact that she speaks loudly, you can recognize her easily.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">k) Adverb Clause of Comparison<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We use adverb clause of comparison to modify verb in main clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="">Subordinating Conjunctions: </b>small, fast, hard, slow, late…</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject + verb + as + adjective/adverb + as + subject + verb + comp</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- Your book is as small <u>as my book is</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- You speak as fast <u>as she does</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sub + verb + adj/adv-er /more-adj/adv + than + sub + verb + comp<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- She runs faster than I do.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- They speak more fluently than he does.</p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-38180402153324117332009-09-09T07:01:00.001-07:002009-09-09T07:01:58.515-07:00RELATIVE CLAUSE<p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">1) DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12pt;">Refer to the clauses that give the information that tell you which nouns the speaker is talking about.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Who</i></b>—for people as subject or object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The candidate who was chosen comes from Siem Reap.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The candidate who we chose comes from Siem Reap.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Whom</i></b>—for people as object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> The candidate whom I selected is very great.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Which</i></b>—for things and animals as subject and object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The school which is called NIS is very famous in Kampong Speu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The school which I study is very famous in Kampong Speu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">That</i></b>—for people, things, animals as subject and object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> The computer that broke down is Mr. Ratha’s.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Where</i></b>—for places:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Example: I want to live in USA where many people always dream about.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><o:p> </o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Whose</i></b>—for people, things, animals, places as possessive:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> I know the man whose son was killed last night.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">Remember:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- <b style=""><i style="">Whom</i></b> is mainly used in formal written English and who is more common in conversation when they are the object of the verb.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- <b style=""><i style="">Who, that, which</i></b> can be omitted when they are the object of the verb.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">2) NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Refer to the clauses that give extra information about nouns the speaker refers to.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Who</i></b>—for people as subject or object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The candidate, who was chosen, comes from Siem Reap.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The candidate, who we chose, comes from Siem Reap.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Whom</i></b>—for people as object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> The candidate, whom I selected, is very great.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Which</i></b>—for things and animals as subject and object:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The school, which is called NIS, is very famous in Kampong Speu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- The school, which I study, is very famous in Kampong Speu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Where</i></b>—for places:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> I want to live in USA, where many people always dream about.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style="">Whose</i></b>—for people, things, animals, places as possessive:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b> I know Mr. Sokha, whose son was killed last night.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">Remember:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>- <b style=""><i style="">Whom</i></b> is mainly used in formal written English and <i style="">who</i> is more common in conversation when they are the object of the verb.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- <b style=""><i style="">That</i></b> cannot be used in a non-defining relative clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- <b style=""><i style="">Who, which</i></b> cannot be omitted when they are the object of the verb.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">- <b style=""><i style="">Commas</i></b> are use to separate the relative clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><i style=""><o:p> </o:p></i></b></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-53611996887531968882009-09-09T07:00:00.000-07:002009-09-09T07:01:08.067-07:00DEDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Deduction of adjective clause is divided into two groups:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">1) Active Voice Form:</span> </b>If an adjective clause is written in active voice, we omit relative pronoun and verb form is written in present participle (-ing form).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><i style="">- </i></b>I know Mr. Sokha <i style=""><u>who works in the bank</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I know Mr. Sokha <i style=""><u>working in the bank</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">Remember:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=""> </span>If an adjective clause is written in perfect tense - <b style=""><i style="">have, has, had + V<sub>3</sub> + ...</i></b>, we change to <b style=""><i style="">having + V<sub>3</sub> +...</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style="">- </i></b>I know Mr. Sokha <i style=""><u>who has worked in the bank</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I know Mr. Sokha <i style=""><u>having worked in the bank</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">2) Passive Voice Form:</span></b> If an adjective clause is written in passive voice, we omit relative pronoun and verb form in changed to past participle (V<sub>3</sub>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I speak English <i style=""><u>which is spoken around the world</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I speak English <i style=""><u>spoken around the world</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">Remember:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">a) Continuous Form:</span> </b>If an adjective clause is written in continuous form, we omit <b style=""><i style="">relative pronoun</i></b> and <b style=""><i style="">to be</i></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">We change (Sentence + relative pronoun + be + being + past participle + …) to (Sentence + being + past participle + …).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><i style="">- </i></b>I know Mr. Ratana <i style=""><u>who is being killed in the meeting</u></i>. Change to</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I know Mr. Ratana <i style=""><u>being killed in the meeting</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">b) <span style=""> </span>Future Form:</span> </b>If an adjective clause is written in future form, we omit <b style=""><i style="">relative pronoun</i></b>, <b style=""><i style="">will </i></b>and <b style=""><i style="">be</i></b> is changed to <b style=""><i style="">being</i></b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">We change (Sentence + relative pronoun + will + be + past participle + …) to (Sentence + being + past participle + …).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style="">- </i></b>I know Mr. Ratana <i style=""><u>who</u></i><u> <i style="">will be killed in the meeting tomorrow</i></u>. Change to</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I know Mr. Ratana <i style=""><u>being killed in the meeting tomorrow</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">c) Perfect Form:</span></b> If an adjective clause is written in perfect tense - <b style=""><i style="">have, has, had + been + V<sub>3</sub> +...</i></b>, we change to <b style=""><i style="">having + been + V<sub>3</sub>.</i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">We change (Sentence + relative pronoun + have/has/had+ been + past participle + …) to (Sentence + having + been + past participle + …).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span><i style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style="">- </i></b>I know Mr. Dara <i style=""><u>who has been punished in the prison</u></i>. Change to</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I know Mr. Dara <i style=""><u>having been punished in the prison</u></i>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-31568880395935322202009-09-09T06:59:00.000-07:002009-09-09T07:00:15.864-07:00ADJECTIVE CLAUSE<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">An adjective clause or a relative clause is a dependent clause introduced by a <b style="">relative pronoun</b> or <b style="">relative adverb</b>. It functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies or describes a noun or pronoun in the independent clause.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">1) Relative Pronouns:</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> A relative pronoun replaces a noun phrase or pronoun in the dependent clause. The relative pronouns are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Subordinator<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Meaning<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Who<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refer only to people and is a subject pronoun<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Whom<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers only to people and is an object pronoun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Which<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to things or animals and is a subject or object pronoun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">That<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to things, animals or people and is a subject or object pronoun in restrictive or defining clause only.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Whose + noun<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to things, animals or people and is a possessive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- Students <i style=""><u>who like study</u></i> usually try hard to do research.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- Mr. Phearum married Ms Kanhchana <i style=""><u>whom I know very well</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- The car <i style=""><u>which I want to buy</u></i> is available in Kampong Speu.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- These are the candidates <i style=""><u>that will compete on Christmas Day</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- I know the poor man <i style=""><u>whose son was killed last week</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">2) Relative Adverbs:</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> A relative adverb replaces a prepositional phrase in the dependent clause. The relative adverbs are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Subordinator<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Meaning<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Where<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">When<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Why<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3in;" valign="top" width="288"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to a place.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to a time.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Refers to a reason.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- I want to visit Angkor Wat <i style=""><u>where most of the tourists want to see</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- We will never forget the time <i style=""><u>when we share happiness and sadness together</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">- Mr. Kheang didn’t tell me the reason <i style=""><u>why he gave up his study</u></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red;">Relative Pronouns as Object of Prepositions formed in two ways:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Pronoun + whom/which/(whose + noun) + subject + verb + complement (formal)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Whom/which/(whose + noun) + subject + verb + complement + Preposition (informal)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></i></b><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">- </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The candidate <i style=""><u>for whom I voted</u></i> didn’t win the election. (formal)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">- The candidate<i style=""> <u>whom I voted for</u></i> didn’t win the election. (informal)<o:p></o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-59071224420539695672009-09-09T06:56:00.000-07:002009-09-09T06:58:41.254-07:00NOUN CLAUSE<b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>A noun clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun; and it can be the subject, object of verb in the principal clause it depends on. <p class="MsoNormal">There are three kinds of noun clauses:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">That Clause</b> is made from statement.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">Wh-question Clause</b> is made from wh-question.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">Yes / No question Clause</b> is made from yes/no question.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -38.15pt;"><b><span style="color: red;">1) That Clause:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Subject + verb + that clause</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:</span></b><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- She said <u>that she missed me</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- The problem is <u>that no one answered the question</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red;">2) Wh-question Clause:</span></b><b style=""> </b>(Subordinator: who, when, what, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, wherever)</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Subject + verb + object (subordinator + subject + verb + ...)</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- She wants to ask <u>where I live</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- I want to know <u>how we can meet each other</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red;">3) Yes / No question Clause:</span></b> (Subordinator: whether (or not), if (or not)</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Subject + verb + object (subordinator + subject + verb + ...)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- They ask <u>whether I am happy or not</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- He wonders <u>if she loves him or not</u>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red;">a) Introductory Clause Verbs:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 292.5pt;" valign="top" width="390"> <p class="MsoNormal">agree<span style=""> </span>answer<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>conclude<span style=""> </span>notice<span style=""> </span>realize<span style=""> </span>think<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>remind<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>warn<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>admit<span style=""> </span>reply<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>tell<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>write<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">assure<span style=""> </span>promise<span style=""> </span>mention<span style=""> </span>convince<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>show<span style=""> </span>inform<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>teach<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>explain<span style=""> </span>notify<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>point out</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: red;">b) Subjunctive Noun Clause:</span></b> The verb in a dependent that-clause must be kept in the simple form after certain introductory clause verbs and adjectives indicating urgency and advisability.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Introductory Verbs and Adjectives:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Verbs</p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Adjectives</p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">advice</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">demand</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">move</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">recommend</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">ask</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">direct</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">propose</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">suggest</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">command</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">insist</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">urge</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">order</p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">advisable</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">essential</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">necessary</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">urgent</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">important</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">vital</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I advice him that he go to school.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- I suggest that they be not lazy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">- It is essential that everyone try hard to study English.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- It is necessary that our country have to take actions on drug and corruption.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-21930616053110031542009-09-08T03:19:00.000-07:002009-09-08T03:21:56.562-07:00SENTENCE CONSTUCTIONS<o:p></o:p>The English language provides considerable flexibility in sentence construction. Using various sentence patterns produces speech and writing that are lively and interesting. Also, variety in sentence construction contributes to well-organized messages. <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">1) SIMPLE SENTENCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The simple sentence is an independent clause without subordinate clause. It begins with a capital letter and closes with an end mark. Simple sentences can vary considerably in length.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- I bought four apples at the farmers’ market.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- I bought four apples, a basket of tomatoes, a bag of green beans, and three squashes at the farmers’ market.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- The farmers’ market is a classic example of producers selling directly to consumers and avoiding the attempts of agents to control the supply or to manipulate the price.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">2) COMPOUND SENTENCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses. The two independent clauses are joined by a comma (,) followed by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but…). They may also be joined by a semicolon (;), a semicolon followed by a linking adverb (therefore, however, because, since…), or a colon (:).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- I don’t know where he went, and no one has seen him since this afternoon. (conjunction)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Harold the First fought in northern Ireland; his campaigns generally were successful. (semicolon)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Vivian wanted to stay another week in Ashville; however, her parents refused to send her more money. (linking adverb)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- You must have heard the news: we’re all getting bonuses this year! (colon)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">a) Compound Sentences with Coordinators<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independent Clause + , + Coordinators + Independent Clause</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The two independent clauses are joined by a comma and one of the seven coordinating conjunctions: <i style="">for, and, nor, but, or, yet, </i>and <i style="">so.</i> You can remember the coordinating conjunctions by remembering the word FANBOYS. The following sentences illustrate their meanings.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The Japanese have the longest life expectancy of any other people, for their diet is extremely healthful. (<b style="">for</b> expresses reason)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The Japanese consume a lot of rice, and they eat more fish than red meat. (<b style="">and</b> expresses equal related ideas)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Many Americans, on the other hand, do not eat a healthy diet, nor do they get enough exercise. (<b style="">nor</b> joins two equal negative independent clauses)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In the last twenty years, Americans have reduced their smoking, but Europeans seem to be smoking more than ever. (<b style="">but</b> expresses contrasting ideas)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Europeans should change their smoking habits, or they will risk developing lung cancer. (<b style="">or</b> expresses alternatives or possibilities)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Many Japanese men smoke, yet the Japanese have long life expectancies. (<b style="">yet</b> expresses an unexpected contrast)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The Japanese diet is becoming more westernized, so their life expectancy will probably decrease in the future. (<b style="">so</b> expresses results)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">b) Compound Sentences with Linking Adverbs (Conjunctive Adverbs)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independent Clause; + Conjunctive Adverb, + Independent Clause</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The two independent clauses are joined by a <b style="">semicolon</b> (;), a <b style="">conjunctive adverb</b> and a <b style="">comma</b>. Just like the FANBOYS coordinators, conjunctive adverbs express the relationship of the second clause to the first clause. The chart below shows the coordinators and conjunctive adverbs which express similar relationship.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 292.5pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="390"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coordinating Conjunctions<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Conjunctive Adverbs<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Meaning<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">And<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Furthermore, besides, moreover, also<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Additional idea<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But, yet<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">However, nonetheless, nevertheless, still<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Opposite idea<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Or<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Otherwise<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Choice<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">So<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Consequently, thus, therefore, hence, accordingly <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">result<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Junior colleges offer preparation for the professions, business, and industry; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university. (equal related ideas)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Many junior colleges do not provide dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services. (opposite ideas)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Students must take the final exam; otherwise, they will receive a grade of Incomplete. (“or else”)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Native and non-native English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate English classes for each group. (results)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">c) Compound Sentences with Semicolon<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independent Clause + ; + Independent Clause</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The two independent clauses are joined by a <b style="">semicolon</b> (;). Use a semicolon only when the two independent clauses are closely related and the relationship is implied.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- My older brother studies laws; my younger brother studies medicine.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its destruction in 1989 stunned it.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Poland was the first Eastern block country to turn away from communism; others soon followed.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">3) COMPLEX SENTENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause. In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 297pt; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="396"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independent Clause + Dependent Clause</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 297pt;" valign="top" width="396"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dependent Clause + , + Independent Clause</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In the following sentences, the independent clause is underlined, and the dependent clause is in italics. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <i style="">If you are not good at figures, </i><u>it is pointless to apply for a job in a bank.</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <i style="">When he saw the door open,</i> <u>the stranger entered the house.</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <u>Holiday resorts</u> <i style="">which are very crowded </i><u>are not very pleasant.</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <i style="">That the Earth’s temperature is rising </i><u>concerns scientists.</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">NOTE:</span></b> There are three kinds of dependent clauses used in complex sentences: <i style="">adverb, adjective and noun.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal">a- <b style="">A dependent adverb clause</b> begins with an adverbial subordinator such as <i style="">when, while, because, even though, so that, etc.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal">b- <b style="">A dependent adjective clause</b> begins with a relative pronoun such as <i style="">who, whom, which, whose, </i>or a relative adverb <i style="">where, when, </i>and<i style=""> why.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal">c- <b style="">A dependent noun clause</b> begins with <i style="">that, a wh-question word, whether, </i>and<i style=""> if.</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">4) COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. It is like a family of two adults and one or more children.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- After I finished high school, I wanted to go to university, but I had to work in my family’s business.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- The word root multi, which means many, comes from Latin, and the word root poly, which also means many, comes from Greek.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- When the power line snapped, Jack was listening to the radio, and Linda was reading in bed.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="color: red;">MODIFIERS IN SENTENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A modifier is any word or group of words which limits or qualifies the meaning of other parts of the sentence. Be sure that your modifiers are clearly joined to the word or words they qualify. Descriptive phrases or clauses joined to the wrong words are known as <b style="">dangling modifiers</b>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>You can correct dangling modifiers by making the doer of the action the subject of the sentence, by adding omitted words, or by changing the phrase to a subordinate clause.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Coming over the hill, the blueberries were seen. (incorrect)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Coming over the hill, <b style="">we saw</b> the blueberries in the valley below us. (correct)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">-<span style=""> </span>Referring to your request of April 12, the matter is being reviewed by our board. (incorrect)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">Our board is reviewing </b>your request of April 12 for an additional 122 tons of steel. (correct)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- When she was four years old, her mother died. (incorrect)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">She was four years old when</b> her mother died. (correct)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">- Exhausted and bleary-eyed, the report was finished by the team in the morning. (incorrect)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">- <b style="">The team,</b> exhausted and bleary-eyed, <b style="">finished the report in the morning.</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6482382412157583651.post-86849845522141841532009-09-08T03:18:00.000-07:002009-09-08T03:19:33.665-07:00TYPES OF SENTENCE<span style="font-size: 12pt;">A <b style="">sentence</b> is a group of words that is used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do something. It gives enough information for a person to form a complete idea in his mind of the message that is being communicated to him. There are five kinds of sentences as follow:<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">1) <b style="">Declarative Sentences:</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Sentences that make statements.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- That isn’t the way to do it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- I have two brothers and one sister.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Canada and the United States are neighbors.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">2) Interrogative Sentences:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sentences that ask questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- What are you doing?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Where will you go tomorrow?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Can I see her?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">3) Imperative Sentences:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sentences that give commands or make requests.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Don’t be lazy!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Mind your business!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Come and have a cup of tea.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) Exclamatory Sentences:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Sentences that are in the form of exclamations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- What a lovely day it is!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- How marvelous!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- How pretty she is!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: red;">5) Optative Sentence:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Some grammarians recognize a fifth sentence type, the <b style="">Optative Sentence</b>. Optative sentences express wishes.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: fuchsia;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- May you live a long and happy life together.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- God save you!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">- Peace be upon him.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Optative sentences formed with <b style=""><i style="">May</i></b> are found mainly in a very formal way.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Optative sentences like <i style="">God save you!</i> uses a special form of the verb in which there is no –s ending.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">God save…</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (not <i style="">God saves…</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Similarly, we have <i style="">Peace be upon him</i> rather than <i style="">Peace is upon him</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Chhorn Kheahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05760000951788570770noreply@blogger.com0